Kirundo Province
Kirundo Province | |
|---|---|
.jpg) A boat ride in the morning on Lake Rwihinda near the town of Kirundo | |
  Kirundo Province | |
| Coordinates: 2°33′7″S 30°5′39″E / 2.55194°S 30.09417°E | |
| Country |  Burundi |
| Capital | Kirundo |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Oscar Ruvuna |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,703.34 km2 (657.66 sq mi) |
| • Rank | Ranked 8th |
| Population (2008 census) | |
| • Total | 628,256 |
| • Density | 370/km2 (960/sq mi) |
Kirundo Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi, in north of the country bordering Rwanda. The economy is mostly based on agriculture, with a dispersed population and few sizable communities. Before 1970 large parts of the province were forested. Migrants from the south then cleared much of the vegetation to create agricultural land, and Kirundo became the breadbasket of Burundi. The civil war from 1993 to 2005 caused agricultural output to drop by more than half. Sice then, lack of farm inputs, poor infrastructure and shortages of water have caused widespread poverty.
Geography[edit]
Kirundo Province is in the north of Burundi, bounded to the north and west by Rwanda. It is bounded to the southwest by Ngozi Province, and to the south and east by Muyinga Province. It has an area of 1,703.34 square kilometres (657.66 sq mi), or 6.1% of the area of Burundi, making it the 8th largest province.[1]
Bugesera natural region[edit]
88% of the province is in the Bugesera natural region.[1] This is a vast batholithic depression carved out of granite rocks.[2] The central plateau has an altitude of 1,500 to 2,000 metres (4,900 to 6,600 ft), and the north is lower, with an average altitude of 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).[1] The Bugesera region is part of the Kirundo district, a depression in the inter-lacustrine zone of East Africa that extends across northeastern Burundi and southeastern Rwanda. It is bounded to the west by the Kanyaru River valley. To the north, east and south it is bounded by dissected plateaus that rise above it. The depression contains large valleys holdng Holocene sediments, swamps and shallow lakes.[3]
Bweru natural region[edit]
12% of the province is in the Bweru natural region, including the Commune of Vumbi and the south of the Commune of Gitobe.[1] The Bweru natural region in the south of the province is mountainous.[4] The region is known for its agricultural fertility.[2]
Lakes[edit]
Kirundo Province has eight lakes: Rweru, Cohoha, Rwihinda, Kanzigiri, Gacamirindi, Nagitamo, Narungazi and Mwungere.[5] The lakes are marshy, with an average depth of 2.5 to 5 metres (8 ft 2 in to 16 ft 5 in). All eight lakes are important bird habitats, with 60 species identified in Lake Rwihinda alone. They provide a variety of fish to the surrounding populations. The wetlands leading out of and into many of the lakes are irrigated for rice and sugar cane fields, and the surrounding hillsides are developed for diverse agricultural production.[6]
The Lacs du Nord Aquatic Landscape Protected Area was created in 2006, in theory conserving over 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres), or 14.2 of Burundi's interior waters, up from 0.2%. The stated goals are integrated community management, agricultural production, and lake conservation. The protected aquatic landscape integrates the integrated Natural Reserve of Murehe; the managed Reserves of Lake Rwihinda, Lake Rweru and Lake Cohoha; and the integrated protected zones of Lakes Gacamirinda, Mwungere, Nagitamo, and Kanzigiri.[6] In October 2023 the Inades-Formation Burundi held an workshop on water resource management with local leaders in the capital of Kirundo Province to celebrate World Food Day. It was noted that although the 2012 water code encouraged good practices and penalized violations, some of the lakes still suffered from pollution and unsustainable illegal fishing.[7]
Climate[edit]
The province experiences the same wet and dry seasons as the rest of Burundi. The southeasterly monsoon brings rain in February–May, and the northeasterly monsoon brings rain in September–November.[3] Natural vegetation includes shrubs, savanna and marshland, important for its value in groundwater storage. Expansion of farmland continues to damage this vegetation and the forest plantations.[8] The Bugesera natural region has temperatures that vary from 14.8 to 27.1 °C (58.6 to 80.8 °F), with average annual rainfall of 800 to 1,200 millimetres (31 to 47 in).[1] The Bweru natural region has a slightly different climate from Bugesera natural region, with rainfall over 1,200 millimetres (47 in) annually, and a shorter dry season lasting 5 to 6 months.[4]
Name[edit]
Kirundo Province was formerly called Muharuro. During battles between the Rwandans and Barundi in Muharuro in 1763 at Mount Shinge and Mount Rugero, near the provincial capital, the Rwandans were decisively defeated through tactics of the troops of King Mutaga Senyamwiza. The province took its current name of Kirundo (pile) from the piles of corpses of Rwandans killed there in the battle.[9]
Administrative units[edit]
Kirundo Province is divided administratively into the communes of Bugabira, Busoni, Bwambarangwe, Gitobe, Kirundo, Ntega and Vumbi. These in turn are divided into 193 collines.[4] The population is scattered, and the small city of Kirundo is the only urban settlement.[8] Kirundo Province has one of the higher rates of population growth in Burundi.[6] As of 2008, when the last census was taken, the population was:[10]
| Kirundo | Province | 628,256 |
|---|---|---|
| Bugabira | Commune | 89,259 |
| Busoni | Commune | 145,424 |
| Bwambarangwe | Commune | 66,816 |
| Gitobe | Commune | 57,326 |
| Kirundo | Commune | 93,110 |
| Ntega | Commune | 98,665 |
| Vumbi | Commune | 77,656 |
Economy[edit]
Until 1970 some of the communes of Kirundo province had few people and were covered in forest. Then migrants from Ngozi and Kayanza came to the province and cleared the forests to create arable land. In the 1980s the Burundi Tobacco Company (BTC) started to clear large areas of forest to supply wood to the ovens used to dry tobacco, but did not undertake reforestation.[5] Farmers in Kirundo province produced goods for sale in the markets.[11] Kirundo was the "breadbasket of Burundi" and supplyed agricultural products such as cereals and legumes to the rest of the country before the Burundian Civil War of 1993–2005.[12]
Between 1996 and 2009 agricultural output dropped by 53.9%. Poverty has increased and there are high levels of malnutrition.[12] The farmers have turned to farming for consumption by the family. Reasons for this change include inadequate labor, agricultural equipment and agricultural inputs, poor protection of the soil, persistant conflicts over land ownership and lack of microcredit.[11] The poor roads also contribute to the high levels of poverty in the province. In 2008 the OPEC Fund for International Development announced a project to build a paved road running 37 kilometres (23 mi) from the city of Kirundo to Gasenyi and the border with Rwanda. The project would also includes upgrades to feeder roads and social infrastructure.[13]
In November 2021 Cyriaque Nshimirimana, Second Deputy-Speaker of the Senate of Burundi, who represented the Kirundo constituency, met leaders of the province in the capital of the Commune of Ntega. His audience included heads of provincial and municipal services, colline chiefs, leaders of the Sangwe cooperatives and religious leaders. He urged them to preserve peace and security, fight drunkenness, polygamy, unwanted pregnancies and corruption, limit births, send their children to school, continue to build the offices of colline chiefs and join cooperatives to accomplish development projects together. He advised the leaders of cooperatives to be fiscally prudent and transparent. Concerns raised by the audience included the need to repair the Rurata–Ntega road, the lack of teachers and teaching materials in the vocational schools, and the lack of a regional branch of the Banque d’Investissement pour les Jeunes (Investment Bank for Youth).[14]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Minani, Rurema & Lebailly 2013, p. 3.
- ^ a b Irambona 2022.
- ^ a b Sibomana, Gangadhara Bhat & Ngenzi 2017, p. 4939.
- ^ a b c Minani, Rurema & Lebailly 2013, p. 4.
- ^ a b Récoltes : Kirundo aux anges.
- ^ a b c BurundiEnvironmentalThreats, p. 35.
- ^ Havyarimana 2023.
- ^ a b Sibomana, Gangadhara Bhat & Ngenzi 2017, p. 4942.
- ^ Nyandwi 2019.
- ^ Brinkhoff.
- ^ a b Minani, Rurema & Lebailly 2013, p. 1.
- ^ a b Minani, Rurema & Lebailly 2013b.
- ^ KirundoGasenyiRoad.
- ^ La population de la province ... Senat.
Sources[edit]
- Brinkhoff, Thomas, "BURUNDI: Administrative Division", City Population, retrieved 2024-06-08
- Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) (PDF), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), September 2010, retrieved 2024-06-09
- Havyarimana, Richard (7 November 2023), World Food Day in Burundi: Involving all stakeholders for the survival of the northern lakes, Inades-Formation Burundi, retrieved 2024-06-09
- Irambona, Yvette (2022-04-12), "Les régions naturelles du Burundi : Leur signification se fonde sur plusieurs critères", Le Renouveau du Burundi, retrieved 2024-06-09
- Kirundo-Gasenyi Road Project, OPEC Fund for International Development, 2008, retrieved 2024-06-08
- La population de la province Kirundo interpellée à préserver la paix et la sécurité (in French), Senate of Burundi, 29 November 2021, retrieved 2024-06-08
- Minani, Bonaventure; Rurema, Déo-Guide; Lebailly, Philippe (2013b), "Rural resilience and the role of social capital among farmers in Kirundo province, Northern Burundi", APSTRACT: Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, AGRIMBA, 7 (2–3): 1–5, doi:10.22004/ag.econ.164817
- Minani, Bonaventure; Rurema, Déo-Guide; Lebailly, Philippe (2013), Analyse et stratégies de l’agriculture familiale dans un pays post-conflit : cas de la province de Kirundo au nord du Burundi (PDF) (in French), retrieved 2024-06-08
- Nyandwi, Dieudonné (29 August 2019), Festival Igihugu: les festivaliers visitent les mots Shinge et Rugero (in French), Radio Télévision Nationale du Burundi, retrieved 2024-06-08
- "Récoltes : Kirundo aux anges, mais …", IWACU (in French), 5 May 2013, retrieved 2024-06-08
- Sibomana, Alexis; Gangadhara Bhat, H.; Ngenzi, J.C. (December 2017), "Groundwater Prospects in Kirundo District, Northern Burundi: Modeling By Remote Sensing And GIS", International Journal of Information Research and Review (Conference Paper)
